Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3): Anti-Wrinkle Guide

"Botox in a bottle." You've probably seen the phrase splashed across skincare ads, TikTok videos, and Reddit threads. It's catchy. It sells product. And it's fundamentally misleading.

Argireline — also known as acetyl hexapeptide-8 or acetyl hexapeptide-3 — is not topical Botox. It does not paralyze muscles. It does not deliver the same results as a needle full of botulinum neurotoxin injected directly into facial tissue. But it's also not snake oil. The science behind argireline is real, the mechanism is rational, and the clinical data shows measurable wrinkle reduction in the range of 30-48% after 4 weeks of use. That's not Botox-level, but it's not nothing.

What argireline actually represents is something more interesting than marketing hype: a synthetic peptide designed through rational drug design to partially inhibit neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. It mimics a fragment of the SNAP-25 protein involved in the SNARE complex, the molecular machinery that lets nerves tell muscles to contract. By competing with SNAP-25, argireline reduces — but does not eliminate — muscle activity, softening expression lines without freezing the face. It's a topical, non-invasive approach to wrinkle reduction that sits somewhere between retinol and injectables.

This guide explains what argireline is, how it works at the molecular level, what the clinical research actually shows, and how it compares to both botulinum toxin and other anti-aging peptides. No hype. No oversimplification. Just the science.

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Table of Contents

• Quick Facts
• What Is Argireline?
• How Argireline Works: The SNARE Complex
• Clinical Research: Efficacy and Results
• Argireline vs. Botox
• Argireline vs. Other Anti-Aging Peptides
• How to Use Argireline
• Safety Profile and Side Effects
• Frequently Asked Questions
• The Bottom Line

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Quick Facts

Parameter	Details
Full Name	Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (formerly Acetyl Hexapeptide-3)
INCI Name	Acetyl Hexapeptide-8
Type	Neurotransmitter-inhibiting peptide
Sequence	Ac-EEMQRR-NH₂ (acetyl-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg-amide)
Molecular Weight	~889 Da (888.99 g/mol)
Developer	Lipotec (now Lubrizol/Berkshire Hathaway)
First Introduced	2001
Mechanism	SNARE complex inhibition
Target	Expression wrinkles (forehead lines, crow's feet, "11s")
Typical Concentration	5-10%
FDA Status	Cosmetic ingredient

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What Is Argireline?

Argireline is a synthetic hexapeptide — a chain of six amino acids — developed by the Spanish biotechnology company Lipotec (now part of Lubrizol, a Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary) and introduced to the cosmetics market in 2001. It was the first peptide specifically designed to reduce expression wrinkles, and its debut was a sensation. For the first time, consumers had access to a wrinkle-fighting ingredient based on neuromuscular inhibition that didn't require needles, toxins, or a doctor's office visit.

The peptide is patterned after the N-terminal end of SNAP-25, a protein that plays a critical role in the SNARE complex — the molecular machinery responsible for neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. By mimicking a fragment of SNAP-25, argireline competes for binding sites in the SNARE complex, partially disrupting the signaling cascade that leads to muscle contraction.

Development History

Argireline's development began in the late 1980s and took over a decade to complete. According to Lubrizol's published history, the research started at the University of California, San Diego in 1993 and concluded in 1999 at Professor Antonio Ferrer Montiel's laboratory in Elche, Spain. The goal was clear: create a topical alternative to botulinum neurotoxin that could reduce wrinkles without invasive procedures.

When argireline hit the market in 2001, it was revolutionary. Cosmetics manufacturers rushed to incorporate it into serums, creams, and eye treatments. Consumers, drawn by the promise of "Botox in a bottle," made it one of the most recognizable cosmetic peptides in the world.

In 2012, Lipotec was acquired by Lubrizol, which has continued to refine the ingredient. Today, argireline is available in various formulations, including the recently launched "Argireline Amplified" peptide, which promises improved efficacy.

Nomenclature Confusion

You'll see this peptide referred to by several names:

• Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 — The original INCI designation
• Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 — The updated INCI designation (more accurate)
• Argireline® or ARGIRELINE® — Lipotec's trademarked brand name

The peptide itself hasn't changed. The nomenclature shift from "-3" to "-8" reflects regulatory updates to INCI naming conventions. Both names refer to the same molecule: Ac-EEMQRR-NH₂.

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How Argireline Works: The SNARE Complex

To understand argireline, you need to understand the biology of muscle contraction — specifically, how nerves communicate with muscles to produce movement.

The SNARE Complex: Molecular Machinery for Neurotransmitter Release

Every time you smile, frown, squint, or raise your eyebrows, a cascade of molecular events occurs at the neuromuscular junction:

1. Electrical signal arrives at the nerve terminal
2. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) flood into the cell, triggering vesicle fusion
3. Vesicles containing acetylcholine (the neurotransmitter) dock at the cell membrane
4. The SNARE complex forms, pulling the vesicle membrane into the cell membrane
5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
6. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fiber
7. The muscle contracts

The SNARE complex is the molecular engine that drives step 4. It's made up of three proteins:

• SNAP-25 (Synaptosome-Associated Protein 25) — located on the cell membrane
• Syntaxin — also on the cell membrane
• VAMP (Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein, also called synaptobrevin) — located on the vesicle membrane

These three proteins zipper together to form a tight, stable complex that physically pulls the vesicle and cell membranes together, allowing neurotransmitter release. Without a functional SNARE complex, vesicles can't fuse, neurotransmitters can't be released, and muscles can't contract.

How Argireline Disrupts the SNARE Complex

Argireline is a synthetic mimic of the N-terminal end of SNAP-25. By resembling a fragment of SNAP-25, it competes with the native protein for binding sites with VAMP. This competition destabilizes the SNARE complex, reducing its formation efficiency.

According to research published in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science, argireline "competes with SNAP-25 for the binding with vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), which destabilizes the formation of a ternary SNARE complex resulting in the inhibition of neuronal exocytosis."

The result: fewer vesicles fuse, less acetylcholine is released, and muscle contractions are weakened. This doesn't paralyze the muscle — it just makes contractions less intense, reducing the mechanical stress that etches lines into skin over time.

Why This Mechanism Matters for Wrinkles

Wrinkles fall into two broad categories:

• Static wrinkles — caused by intrinsic aging, sun damage, collagen loss, and gravity. These wrinkles are present even when your face is at rest.
• Dynamic wrinkles (expression lines) — caused by repetitive muscle contractions. These wrinkles appear when you make facial expressions and may deepen into static wrinkles over time.

Argireline targets dynamic wrinkles. It doesn't boost collagen, repair sun damage, or reverse photoaging. It reduces the muscle activity that creates expression lines. This makes it particularly effective for:

• Forehead lines (horizontal lines across the forehead)
• Crow's feet (lines radiating from the outer corners of the eyes)
• Glabellar lines (the "11s" between the eyebrows)
• Smile lines (nasolabial folds, though less effectively)

The Skin Penetration Problem

There's a catch. Argireline is a large, hydrophilic (water-loving) molecule with a molecular weight of ~889 Da. The stratum corneum — the outermost layer of skin — is designed to keep large, water-soluble molecules out. According to a study in Scientific Reports, "the skin permeation of argireline is poor, due to its large molecular weight and hydrophilicity."

Estimates suggest that only about 0.01% of topically applied argireline penetrates to the epidermis, with virtually none reaching the dermis or the neuromuscular junction itself. This raises an obvious question: if argireline can't reach the nerve endings, how does it work?

The answer is nuanced. While argireline doesn't penetrate deeply enough to directly inhibit SNARE complex formation at the neuromuscular junction (the way Botox does when injected), it may exert surface-level effects on fibroblasts, keratinocytes, or other skin cells that influence muscle activity indirectly. Alternatively, the observed wrinkle reduction may result from hydration, improved skin texture, or subtle modulation of muscle tone at concentrations sufficient to reach superficial nerve endings.

This remains an area of active debate in dermatology. The clinical data shows wrinkle reduction. The penetration data suggests limited bioavailability. The precise mechanism may be more complex than initially thought.

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Clinical Research: Efficacy and Results

The marketing claims around argireline are bold. The clinical evidence is more modest — but real.

Key Studies

1. Chinese Subjects, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (2013)

One of the most cited studies on argireline was published in the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology in 2013. The trial enrolled Chinese subjects who applied argireline twice daily for 4 weeks.

Results:

• Total anti-wrinkle efficacy: 48.9% in the argireline group
• Placebo group: 0%

The study concluded that argireline demonstrated measurable wrinkle reduction compared to placebo, though the mechanism and depth of action remained unclear.

2. International Journal of Cosmetic Science Study (2008)

A 2008 study examined argireline at 10% concentration in an oil-in-water emulsion applied once daily for 30 days.

Results:

• Wrinkle depth reduced by up to 30% after 30 days
• No signs of toxicity or irritation
• Efficacy comparable to retinoids for expression lines

The study also confirmed that argireline "significantly inhibited neurotransmitter release with a potency similar to that of BoNT A [botulinum toxin A], although as expected, it displayed much lower efficacy than the neurotoxin."

3. Visia® Complexion Analysis Study (2023)

A more recent study published in BMC Dermatology used objective skin imaging (Visia® Complexion Analysis) to evaluate a serum containing argireline and hyaluronic acid.

Results:

• Improvements in fine lines and wrinkles visible within 2-4 weeks
• Results more subtle than Botox but measurable via digital imaging
• No adverse events reported

4. Combination Therapy with Tripeptide-10 Citrulline

A 2017 study in The Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology examined the efficacy of combining acetyl hexapeptide-3 with tripeptide-10 citrulline (a collagen-stimulating peptide).

Results:

• Combination therapy produced greater wrinkle reduction than either peptide alone
• Suggests argireline works well with collagen-boosting peptides like Matrixyl and Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1

5. Crow's Feet Study: Acetylhexapeptide-3 vs. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4

A 2023 double-blind randomized trial compared acetyl hexapeptide-3 cream to palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (part of the Matrixyl family) for crow's feet in Indonesian female subjects aged 26-55.

Results:

• Both peptides reduced crow's feet, but results were modest
• No significant difference between the two peptides
• Topical peptides alone produce less dramatic results than injectables

What the Numbers Mean

A 30% reduction in wrinkle depth after 30 days sounds impressive, but context matters:

• Botox produces wrinkle reductions of 70-90% within 7-14 days
• Retinoids can reduce wrinkle depth by 20-50% over 3-6 months
• Argireline falls in the middle: faster than retinoids for expression lines, much slower and less dramatic than Botox

A 48.9% anti-wrinkle efficacy doesn't mean wrinkles disappear. It means that nearly half of subjects experienced measurable improvement compared to placebo. The magnitude of that improvement varies.

Limitations of the Research

While argireline research is more robust than many cosmetic peptides, gaps remain:

• No direct head-to-head trials vs. Botox using standardized wrinkle scales
• Inconsistent formulations across studies (oil-in-water emulsions, serums, creams)
• Limited long-term data beyond 8-12 weeks
• Small sample sizes in many trials (fewer than 50 subjects)
• Skin penetration remains poorly understood — how much argireline actually reaches the neuromuscular junction?

The evidence is strong enough to conclude that argireline has measurable wrinkle-reducing effects. It's not strong enough to claim it "works like Botox."

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Argireline vs. Botox

The comparison is inevitable. Let's be precise about it.

Mechanism: Similar Target, Different Approach

Both argireline and botulinum neurotoxin A (Botox) target the SNARE complex and inhibit acetylcholine release. But they do so in fundamentally different ways:

Argireline	Botox
Competes with SNAP-25 for VAMP binding	Cleaves SNAP-25 enzymatically, destroying its function
Partial, reversible inhibition	Complete, long-lasting inhibition (until new SNAP-25 is synthesized)
Applied topically to skin surface	Injected directly into muscle
Limited penetration (~0.01% reaches epidermis)	Delivered precisely to neuromuscular junction
Effects last hours to days	Effects last 3-4 months

According to dermatologists quoted in a 2023 Boston Derm Advocate review, "Botox is the most effective way to eliminate dynamic wrinkles, as it can achieve results that are not possible with topical products."

Efficacy: Not Even Close

Let's be blunt: argireline is not Botox.

• Botox: 70-90% wrinkle reduction within 7-14 days
• Argireline: 30-48% wrinkle reduction after 30 days

Botox paralyzes muscles. Argireline weakens them slightly. Botox lasts months. Argireline lasts hours. Botox requires a trained injector. Argireline requires consistent application.

Safety: Non-Invasive vs. Injectable

Argireline's main advantage over Botox isn't efficacy — it's accessibility and safety.

Botox risks include:

• Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
• Eyebrow asymmetry
• Facial weakness or paralysis (if injected incorrectly)
• Bruising, swelling, infection at injection site
• Rare systemic complications (if toxin spreads)

Argireline risks include:

• Mild irritation (rare)
• Allergic reaction (very rare)
• No risk of paralysis, infection, or systemic spread

According to a 2023 study in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, "The minimal side effects and less-invasive nature are key advantages, as acetyl hexapeptide-8 does not carry risks of ptosis, eyebrow asymmetry, and other complications seen in facial botulinum toxin injections."

Complementary Use: Extending Botox Results

Interestingly, argireline may extend the effects of Botox when used together. A 2012 study on blepharospasm patients found that patients who received Botox injections followed by topical argireline cream experienced longer symptom relief than those using placebo cream.

This suggests a potential role for argireline as a Botox extender — applying it between injections to prolong muscle relaxation and delay the need for repeat treatments.

Who Should Use What?

Use Argireline If:	Use Botox If:
You have mild to moderate expression lines	You have deep, etched wrinkles
You want a non-invasive, at-home option	You want maximum, long-lasting results
You're in your 20s-30s and focused on prevention	You're in your 40s+ and correcting established wrinkles
You're between Botox appointments and want maintenance	You're ready for clinical intervention
You prefer gradual, subtle improvement	You want dramatic, immediate change

Argireline is not a Botox replacement. It's a different tool for a different job.

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Argireline vs. Other Anti-Aging Peptides

Peptides are one of the most hyped categories in skincare, and argireline is just one of many. How does it compare to other anti-aging peptides?

Argireline vs. Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4)

Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4) and its variants Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 and Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 work by stimulating collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. They don't affect muscle contraction at all.

Argireline	Matrixyl
Neurotransmitter inhibition	Collagen stimulation
Targets dynamic wrinkles	Targets static wrinkles, texture, and firmness
Fast-acting (visible in 2-4 weeks)	Slow-acting (visible in 8-12 weeks)
Best for expression lines	Best for overall aging and skin thickness

These peptides complement each other. A 2023 crow's feet study found no significant difference in efficacy between argireline and Matrixyl peptides, but combining them may address both muscle activity and collagen loss.

Argireline vs. Copper Peptides (GHK-Cu)

Copper peptides like GHK-Cu are multifunctional, influencing collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and wound healing. They don't target neurotransmitter release.

Argireline	GHK-Cu
Wrinkle-specific	Broad anti-aging effects
Surface-level muscle relaxation	Deep tissue remodeling
Preventive and corrective	Regenerative

Copper peptides are better for overall skin health and repair. Argireline is better for targeted wrinkle reduction.

Argireline vs. Syn-Ake and Leuphasyl

Syn-Ake (dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate) and Leuphasyl (pentapeptide-18) are also neurotransmitter-inhibiting peptides, but they work through different mechanisms:

• Syn-Ake mimics snake venom peptides and blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (postsynaptic inhibition)
• Leuphasyl modulates calcium channels (presynaptic inhibition)
• Argireline disrupts SNARE complex formation (presynaptic inhibition)

All three reduce muscle contraction, but argireline has the most published clinical data.

Argireline vs. Snap-8

Snap-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3) is essentially "argireline plus two extra amino acids." It's an extended version of argireline developed by Lipotec to improve skin penetration and efficacy.

Argireline (6 amino acids)	Snap-8 (8 amino acids)
More established, more research	Newer, less clinical data
Lower molecular weight (better penetration)	Higher molecular weight, but formulated for improved delivery
30-48% wrinkle reduction	Claims 63% wrinkle reduction

Snap-8 may be more effective, but independent head-to-head trials are lacking.

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How to Use Argireline

Argireline is widely available in over-the-counter serums, creams, and treatments. Here's how to use it effectively.

Recommended Concentration

Clinical studies have used 5-10% argireline, with 10% showing the most consistent results. Products containing less than 5% may not deliver meaningful wrinkle reduction.

Popular products include:

• The Ordinary Argireline Solution 10% — a straightforward, affordable serum
• SkinCeuticals P-TIOX Anti-Wrinkle Serum — a professional-grade formulation
• Multi-peptide serums combining argireline with Matrixyl, hyaluronic acid, and copper peptides

Application Instructions

1. Cleanse your face and pat dry
2. Apply argireline serum to target areas (forehead, crow's feet, "11s") using 2-3 drops
3. Wait 1-2 minutes for absorption
4. Follow with moisturizer and sunscreen (AM) or night cream (PM)
5. Use twice daily (morning and evening) for best results

Where to Apply

Focus on areas with dynamic wrinkles:

• Forehead — horizontal lines
• Glabellar region — "11s" between eyebrows
• Crow's feet — outer eye area
• Nasolabial folds — smile lines (less effective here)

Timeline for Results

• 2 weeks: Early improvements in fine lines
• 4 weeks: Measurable wrinkle reduction (up to 30%)
• 8-12 weeks: Maximum effect (up to 48% improvement)

Results plateau after 8-12 weeks. Continued use maintains benefits, but expect diminishing returns after 3 months.

Layering with Other Actives

Argireline is compatible with most skincare ingredients:

• Hyaluronic acid — Apply before argireline for hydration
• Vitamin C — Apply in the morning for antioxidant protection
• Retinoids — Use at night, after argireline (wait 10-15 minutes between applications)
• Niacinamide — Can be layered without issue
• Acids (AHA/BHA) — Use separately (e.g., acids at night, argireline in the morning) if irritation occurs

Combining with Injectables

If you use Botox or other neuromodulators, argireline may extend results between sessions. Apply daily starting 2-3 weeks before your Botox appointment and continue afterward to prolong muscle relaxation.

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Safety Profile and Side Effects

Argireline is generally well-tolerated with minimal adverse effects.

Known Side Effects

Common (but rare):

• Mild irritation
• Temporary redness
• Dryness
• Allergic reaction (very rare)

A 2013 clinical trial of 19 participants found "no significant side effects, allergic reactions, or skin irritations" after 4 weeks of twice-daily use.

Serious Adverse Events

No serious toxicity has been reported with topical argireline use. A 2008 study confirmed that argireline "did not exhibit in vivo oral toxicity nor primary irritation at high doses."

However, one case report documented Mycobacterium abscessus infection following facial injection of argireline (not topical application). This underscores the importance of using argireline only as intended — topically, not via injection.

Contraindications and Precautions

Avoid argireline if:

• You have a known allergy to peptides
• You have an active skin infection
• You're pregnant or breastfeeding (limited safety data)

Use with caution if:

• You take medications affecting the nervous system (theoretical interaction)
• You have sensitive skin (start with lower concentrations)
• You're using other neurotransmitter-inhibiting peptides (Snap-8, Syn-Ake, Leuphasyl)

Application-Specific Concerns

Some dermatologists caution against overuse of argireline on areas prone to sagging. The theory: excessive muscle relaxation could contribute to loss of facial tone over time. To minimize this risk, apply argireline only to areas with active wrinkles — don't blanket your entire face.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

There are no studies on argireline use during pregnancy or lactation. Due to the lack of safety data, it's best to avoid argireline if you're pregnant or breastfeeding unless approved by your physician.

Long-Term Safety

No long-term safety studies (beyond 12 weeks) have been published. Given argireline's mechanism and topical application, long-term risks are likely minimal, but data is lacking.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Does argireline really work?

Yes, but not like Botox. Clinical studies show 30-48% wrinkle reduction after 4 weeks of use. Results are modest, not dramatic. It's best for mild to moderate expression lines, not deep wrinkles.

Is argireline better than retinol for wrinkles?

They target different types of wrinkles. Argireline reduces dynamic wrinkles (expression lines) by weakening muscle contractions. Retinol reduces static wrinkles (aging-related) by boosting collagen and accelerating cell turnover. For best results, use both.

Can I use argireline with Botox?

Yes. Research suggests argireline may extend Botox results when applied between injections. Apply argireline daily after your Botox treatment to prolong muscle relaxation.

How long does it take for argireline to work?

Expect visible improvements in 2-4 weeks. Maximum effects occur after 8-12 weeks of consistent twice-daily use.

What percentage of argireline should I use?

Clinical studies used 5-10%. Products with at least 10% argireline show the most consistent results. Lower concentrations may not be effective.

Can argireline cause sagging?

Theoretically, overuse could weaken facial muscles enough to contribute to sagging over time. To minimize risk, apply argireline only to wrinkled areas, not your entire face.

Is argireline safe during pregnancy?

There are no studies on argireline during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Due to lack of data, avoid it unless your doctor approves.

Does argireline have side effects?

Side effects are rare. Some people experience mild irritation, redness, or dryness. Allergic reactions are very rare. No serious toxicity has been reported with topical use.

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The Bottom Line

Argireline is not Botox in a bottle. It's a rationally designed peptide with a clear mechanism, measurable clinical effects, and a good safety profile. It won't paralyze muscles, freeze your face, or erase deep wrinkles. But for mild to moderate expression lines — forehead wrinkles, crow's feet, "11s" — it delivers real, reproducible wrinkle reduction in the range of 30-48% after 4 weeks of use.

The science behind argireline is sound. By mimicking a fragment of SNAP-25, it partially inhibits SNARE complex formation, reducing neurotransmitter release and weakening muscle contractions. This is the same biological target as Botox, but argireline's topical application and competitive inhibition mechanism make it far less potent than injected botulinum neurotoxin.

Who should use argireline? Anyone looking for a non-invasive, at-home option for softening expression lines. It's particularly useful for:

• Preventive care in your 20s and 30s
• Maintenance between Botox appointments
• Mild wrinkles that don't warrant injectables
• Combination therapy with collagen-stimulating peptides like Matrixyl

Who should skip argireline? Anyone with deep, etched wrinkles who wants dramatic, long-lasting results. For that, Botox remains the gold standard.

Argireline won't replace your dermatologist. But for accessible, affordable, science-backed wrinkle reduction, it's one of the best topical options available.

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Medical Disclaimer

This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Peptide-based skincare products are cosmetic ingredients, not drugs, and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider or dermatologist before starting any new skincare regimen, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or are taking medications. Individual results may vary.

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References

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2. Wang, Y., et al. (2013). The anti-wrinkle efficacy of argireline, a synthetic hexapeptide, in Chinese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 14(2), 147-153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23417317/

3. Lee, J. H., et al. (2017). The efficacy study of the combination of tripeptide-10-citrulline and acetyl hexapeptide-3. A prospective, randomized controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(3), e17-e23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150423/

4. Maharani, A., et al. (2023). Double-blind, Randomized Trial on the Effectiveness of Acetylhexapeptide-3 Cream and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 Cream for Crow's Feet. Dermatology Reports, 15(1), 9605. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10005804/

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6. Kim, M. K., et al. (2014). The study of cellular cytotoxicity of argireline - an anti-aging peptide. Toxicological Research, 30(1), 41-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24644551/

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8. Trookman, N. S., et al. (2009). Immediate and Long-Term Clinical Benefits of a Topical Treatment for Facial Lines and Wrinkles. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(3), 38-43.

9. Lubrizol Personal Care. (2025). Innovation and Revolution: The Journey to Argireline® Amplified Peptide. https://www.lubrizol.com/Personal-Care/Blog/2025/01/Innovation-and-Revolution-The-Journey-to-Argireline-Amplified-Peptide

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