GLP-1 Drugs & the Obesity Treatment Revolution

A Disease Reclassified, A Treatment Transformed
The Science: How GLP-1 Drugs Work
Clinical Evidence: The Numbers That Changed Everything
Beyond Weight Loss: The Expanding Indications
The Next Generation: Dual and Triple Agonists
Societal Impact: More Than a Medical Story
Health Economics: Who Pays and Is It Worth It
Real-World Challenges: What the Trials Don't Show
The Pill Frontier
The Global Response
What Comes Next
FAQ
The Bottom Line
References

A Disease Reclassified, A Treatment Transformed

For decades, mainstream medicine treated obesity as a character flaw with a prescription — eat less, move more, try harder. The available pharmaceutical options were modest at best: drugs that shaved off 5–10% of body weight if patients were lucky, with side effects that often negated the benefits.

Then GLP-1 receptor agonists arrived, and the conversation changed.

Semaglutide and tirzepatide demonstrated weight loss of 15–22% in clinical trials — results that had never been seen with any medication. The WHO classified obesity as a chronic, relapsing disease affecting more than 1 billion people globally, associated with 3.7 million deaths in 2024 alone. And in December 2025, the WHO released its first-ever guideline specifically on GLP-1 use for obesity treatment — a move that signals how thoroughly these drugs have rewritten medical orthodoxy.

The market reflects the transformation. The global GLP-1 receptor agonist market was valued at $53.46 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $156.71 billion by 2030, expanding at a compound annual growth rate of 17.46%. As of November 2025, approximately 1 in 8 American adults reported taking a GLP-1 drug.

This is not an incremental advance. This is a paradigm shift.

The Science: How GLP-1 Drugs Work

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone your gut naturally produces after eating. It does three things: it tells your pancreas to release insulin, it tells your liver to stop dumping glucose into the blood, and it tells your brain you're full.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are synthetic versions of this hormone, engineered to last much longer in the body. Natural GLP-1 has a half-life of about 2 minutes — barely enough time to finish a sentence. Semaglutide, through fatty acid acylation and amino acid modifications, extends that half-life to approximately 7 days, enabling once-weekly dosing.

The weight loss mechanism operates primarily through the brain. GLP-1 receptors are expressed in brain areas that control appetite, reward, and satiety — particularly the hypothalamus and brainstem. By activating these receptors, GLP-1 drugs reduce hunger, increase feelings of fullness, and (patients consistently report) quiet the constant mental "food noise" that characterizes obesity for many people.

The drugs also slow gastric emptying — food stays in the stomach longer, which contributes to satiety but also explains the most common side effects: nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

What makes the newer GLP-1 drugs different from earlier diabetes medications is their potency and their multi-system effects. They don't just lower blood sugar. They reduce body weight, improve cardiovascular outcomes, decrease liver fat, lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and (emerging data suggests) may protect against neurodegeneration and addiction.

Clinical Evidence: The Numbers That Changed Everything

Semaglutide: The STEP and SELECT Programs

The STEP clinical trial program established semaglutide (branded as Wegovy for obesity) as the first GLP-1 drug to demonstrate transformative weight loss.

STEP 1 enrolled 1,961 adults with obesity (BMI 30+) or overweight (BMI 27+) with at least one weight-related comorbidity. At 68 weeks, patients on semaglutide 2.4 mg achieved a mean weight loss of 14.9% versus 2.4% for placebo. About one-third of patients lost more than 20% of their body weight.

The SELECT trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, was the study that elevated semaglutide from a weight loss drug to a cardiovascular medicine. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 17,604 patients with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease but without diabetes.

The results: semaglutide reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, non-fatal heart attack, or non-fatal stroke by 20% (hazard ratio 0.80, P<0.001) over a mean follow-up of 39.8 months. Mean weight loss was 9.4% versus 0.9% for placebo at 104 weeks.

A prespecified analysis published in The Lancet in 2025 revealed something even more interesting: the cardiovascular benefits were independent of how much weight patients lost. Changes in waist circumference explained only 33% of the observed cardiovascular benefit. This finding suggests semaglutide acts as a disease-modifying agent through mechanisms beyond weight reduction — possibly through direct anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels, plaque stabilization, or other pathways that researchers are still mapping.

Tirzepatide: The SURMOUNT Program

Tirzepatide (branded as Zepbound for obesity, Mounjaro for diabetes) raised the bar further. As a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist — hitting two incretin receptors instead of one — it achieved weight loss that surpassed semaglutide's results.

SURMOUNT-1, published in the NEJM, enrolled 2,539 adults with obesity. At 72 weeks, weight loss was:

5 mg dose: −16.0%
10 mg dose: −21.4%
15 mg dose: −22.5%
Placebo: −2.4%

At the highest dose, 36.2% of patients lost more than 25% of their body weight. For a 250-pound person, that's losing 56 or more pounds.

SURMOUNT-4 demonstrated the importance of continued treatment. Patients who stopped tirzepatide after achieving significant weight loss regained most of it within a year. Among those who continued treatment, 89.5% maintained at least 80% of their weight loss versus 16.6% of those switched to placebo.

An important body composition finding from SURMOUNT-1: weight reduction was approximately 74% fat mass and 26% lean mass, matching the proportion seen with placebo-treated weight loss. That ratio pushes back against early concerns that GLP-1 drugs caused disproportionate muscle loss.

Beyond Weight Loss: The Expanding Indications

What started as a diabetes drug, repurposed for obesity, is rapidly being investigated across an extraordinary range of conditions.

Cardiovascular Disease

The SELECT trial established semaglutide's cardiovascular benefits in patients without diabetes. A sub-analysis in patients with both obesity and prevalent heart failure showed consistent benefits. Tirzepatide cardiovascular outcomes trials are underway.

Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

Formerly known as NAFLD/NASH, fatty liver disease affects an estimated 30% of the global population. GLP-1 drugs reduce liver fat content and markers of liver inflammation. Semaglutide and survodutide (a GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist) have both shown promising Phase 2 results for liver fibrosis. For more on this area, see our NAFLD/NASH peptide research overview.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Tirzepatide received FDA approval for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in patients with obesity, based on trial data showing significant reductions in apnea-hypopnea index (the standard measure of sleep apnea severity) alongside weight loss.

Chronic Kidney Disease

GLP-1 drugs have shown kidney-protective effects in patients with type 2 diabetes, reducing the progression of kidney disease. The FLOW trial demonstrated that semaglutide reduced major kidney disease events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

Neurodegeneration and Addiction

Among the most intriguing emerging findings: GLP-1 receptors exist in brain areas involved in impulse control, reward processing, and addiction pathways. Observational data and early clinical signals suggest GLP-1 drugs may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance use disorders.

The mechanism may involve reduced brain inflammation (neuroinflammation is implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases), weight loss-associated improvements in brain health, and direct modulation of reward circuits that drive addictive behavior. These findings are early-stage and observational — controlled trials are needed before any neurological indications are established.

Osteoarthritis

Weight loss alone improves osteoarthritis symptoms, but the degree of relief seen with GLP-1 drugs in trials like TRIUMPH-4 (testing retatrutide) has been particularly striking, suggesting potential direct anti-inflammatory effects on joints beyond what weight reduction alone would predict.

The Next Generation: Dual and Triple Agonists

The GLP-1 drug pipeline is deep, and each generation achieves more weight loss than the last.

Tirzepatide (GIP + GLP-1)

Already approved and discussed above, tirzepatide demonstrated that targeting two incretin receptors (GIP and GLP-1) produces greater weight loss than GLP-1 alone. Its 22.5% mean weight loss at the highest dose in SURMOUNT-1 set a new benchmark.

Retatrutide (GIP + GLP-1 + Glucagon)

Eli Lilly's retatrutide is the first triple agonist — hitting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. The glucagon receptor component adds an energy-expenditure mechanism on top of the appetite suppression from GLP-1 and GIP.

Phase 2 results, published in the NEJM, showed mean weight loss of 24.2% at 48 weeks with the 12 mg dose — and participants had not yet reached a weight plateau when the study ended.

The first Phase 3 readout, from TRIUMPH-4 in December 2025, confirmed these results at scale: 28.7% mean weight loss with the 12 mg dose (roughly 71.2 pounds average) and 26.4% with the 9 mg dose. Nearly half of patients on the highest dose achieved at least 25% weight loss. Seven additional Phase 3 readouts are expected throughout 2026.

Retatrutide also reduced non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lowered systolic blood pressure by 14.0 mmHg at the highest dose.

CagriSema (Amylin + GLP-1)

Novo Nordisk's CagriSema combines semaglutide with cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analog. Amylin is a pancreatic hormone that works alongside insulin to regulate appetite and gastric emptying through different pathways than GLP-1. The combination therapy is currently in Phase 3 trials for obesity.

Amycretin (GLP-1 + Amylin, Single Molecule)

Also from Novo Nordisk, amycretin is a unimolecular agonist — a single molecule that activates both GLP-1 and amylin receptors. This approach eliminates the need for two separate drug components. Novo has announced plans to move both subcutaneous and oral formulations into Phase 3 in early 2026.

Survodutide (GLP-1 + Glucagon)

Boehringer Ingelheim's survodutide is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist being developed for both obesity and liver disease (MASLD). Its glucagon component, like retatrutide's, increases energy expenditure — the body burns more calories at rest.

For a comprehensive comparison of the competitive dynamics, see our analysis of Novo Nordisk vs. Eli Lilly in the GLP-1 market.

Societal Impact: More Than a Medical Story

GLP-1 drugs have escaped the clinic and entered the culture.

Redefining Obesity

The medical reclassification of obesity — from a behavioral problem to a chronic, biologically-driven disease — has been accelerated by GLP-1 drugs. When a medication produces 20%+ weight loss that patients couldn't achieve through diet and exercise alone, it becomes difficult to argue that obesity is simply a matter of willpower. The WHO's December 2025 guideline explicitly frames obesity as a chronic relapsing disease requiring medical treatment, recommending GLP-1 drugs as part of a comprehensive management approach.

Weight Stigma in New Forms

Ironically, the success of GLP-1 drugs has generated new forms of stigma. Research published in PMC documents that individuals using GLP-1 drugs for weight loss are often judged for taking a "shortcut" rather than pursuing "optimal" methods like diet and exercise. The perception that medication-assisted weight loss is somehow less legitimate than behavioral weight loss persists despite the biological evidence that obesity involves neurological, hormonal, and metabolic factors beyond conscious control.

Food and Restaurant Industry Effects

The aggregate impact of millions of people eating significantly less has rippled through the food industry. Restaurant chains have reported shifts in portion preferences. Food manufacturers are reformulating products. The snack industry has noted changing consumption patterns. These are early-stage trends, but they illustrate how a pharmaceutical innovation can produce second-order effects far beyond healthcare.

Economic Productivity

Obesity costs the US economy an estimated $173 billion annually in medical costs, plus substantial indirect costs from reduced productivity, absenteeism, and disability. If GLP-1 drugs can reduce obesity prevalence meaningfully at the population level, the economic returns could be substantial — though realizing those returns requires solving the access and cost problems that currently limit the drugs to a fraction of eligible patients.

Health Economics: Who Pays and Is It Worth It

The central tension of the GLP-1 revolution: transformative drugs that most people who need them cannot afford.

The Cost Challenge

Branded GLP-1 drugs carry list prices of $1,000–$1,400 per month in the United States. Even with manufacturer discount programs — Novo Nordisk's NovoCare Pharmacy, Lilly's LillyDirect, and retail arrangements through Costco and Walmart — costs remain significant for many patients.

Insurance coverage is inconsistent. Medicare does not cover anti-obesity medications under Part D (though legislation to change this has been proposed repeatedly). Many commercial insurers impose prior authorization requirements, step therapy, and annual coverage limits. Some insurers have excluded GLP-1s for obesity altogether, citing budget concerns.

The Value Argument

Health economists argue that the drugs' value extends far beyond weight loss. A patient who loses 20% of body weight and avoids a $150,000 bariatric surgery, no longer needs CPAP for sleep apnea, reduces their cardiovascular risk by 20%, and delays or prevents type 2 diabetes represents enormous downstream savings.

The challenge is temporal: the drug costs are immediate and certain, while the savings are spread over years and probabilistic. Insurance companies — many of which don't retain members long enough to capture long-term savings — struggle to justify the upfront investment.

Equity Concerns

Without increased accessibility and lower costs, GLP-1 drugs risk widening health inequalities. The WHO has flagged this concern explicitly, pledging to develop a prioritization framework to ensure those with the highest need receive treatment first.

Current data shows that GLP-1 drug access is skewed toward higher-income, commercially-insured populations. Racial and ethnic disparities in access mirror broader healthcare inequities. Even with rapid production expansion, GLP-1 therapies are projected to reach fewer than 10% of those who could benefit by 2030.

The Compounding Controversy

The FDA's crackdown on peptide compounding eliminated a lower-cost alternative that had served millions of patients. Compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide cost a fraction of branded prices but lacked the quality controls and clinical validation of approved products. The debate over whether the FDA's action protected patients or restricted access remains politically charged. For the full regulatory timeline, see our comprehensive guide.

Real-World Challenges: What the Trials Don't Show

Clinical trials enroll motivated patients, ensure consistent dosing, and follow structured protocols. Real-world use is messier.

Discontinuation and Weight Regain

Real-world data shows discontinuation rates of 20–50% within the first year. Patients stop for several reasons: side effects (primarily gastrointestinal), cost, insurance changes, or the simple difficulty of maintaining a daily or weekly medication indefinitely.

Weight regain after discontinuation is substantial. SURMOUNT-4 showed that patients who stopped tirzepatide regained most of their lost weight within a year. The STEP 1 extension trial showed similar patterns with semaglutide. This creates a fundamental clinical question: are GLP-1 drugs a chronic treatment (like blood pressure medication) or a time-limited intervention?

The current evidence supports chronic treatment for most patients — but that implies decades of continuous medication use, raising questions about long-term safety, cost sustainability, and patient acceptance.

Dose Optimization in Practice

Many real-world patients use lower doses than those tested in clinical trials, often because of gastrointestinal side effects at higher doses. Lower doses produce less weight loss. The gap between trial results and real-world outcomes is meaningful: patients who follow protocols closely can achieve trial-like results, but population-level outcomes fall short.

The Muscle Mass Question

While SURMOUNT-1 showed that the proportion of lean mass loss with tirzepatide was similar to placebo (26% vs. 25%), the absolute amount of lean mass lost is greater because total weight loss is greater. For older patients or those with existing sarcopenia, this warrants attention. Current best practice recommends combining GLP-1 therapy with resistance exercise and adequate protein intake to preserve muscle mass — but most patients don't receive this guidance.

Safety Signals

The overall safety profile of GLP-1 drugs is reassuring based on available data. Observational studies confirm frequent gastrointestinal side effects but no clear increased risk of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, thyroid disorders, or depression.

Rare but serious concerns include gastroparesis (severely delayed gastric emptying), intestinal obstruction, and a theoretical thyroid cancer risk based on animal data with liraglutide. The drugs carry a black box warning for thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent studies, though human data has not confirmed this signal.

The Pill Frontier

Injectable formulations have dominated the GLP-1 market, but oral options are rapidly emerging.

In December 2025, the FDA approved the Wegovy pill — oral semaglutide 25 mg — as the first oral GLP-1 for weight management. Clinical data from the OASIS 4 trial showed 13.6% mean weight loss at 64 weeks, comparable to injectable Wegovy. Novo Nordisk launched the pill in January 2026 at $149/month cash-pay.

Meanwhile, Eli Lilly's orforglipron — a non-peptide, small-molecule GLP-1 agonist — is expected to receive FDA approval by March 2026. Orforglipron's key advantage: it can be taken at any time, with or without food, eliminating the fasting requirements that constrain oral semaglutide.

Goldman Sachs projects oral GLP-1s will generate approximately $22 billion in annual sales by 2030, capturing about 24% of the obesity drug market. For a detailed analysis of the oral GLP-1 market, see our industry analysis of oral peptide drugs.

The Global Response

The GLP-1 revolution is playing out differently across the globe.

United States

The US is the largest GLP-1 market by far, driven by high obesity prevalence (42% of adults), commercial insurance coverage for some patients, and aggressive direct-to-consumer marketing. But fragmented insurance coverage and high out-of-pocket costs create stark access inequities.

Europe

European countries with national health systems are making coverage decisions at the state level. The UK's NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) has approved tirzepatide for obesity treatment through the NHS, though with eligibility restrictions. Several Scandinavian countries have broader coverage, reflecting their tradition of pharmaceutical access.

Low- and Middle-Income Countries

GLP-1 drugs remain essentially inaccessible in most of the developing world — precisely where obesity rates are rising fastest. The WHO's inclusion of GLP-1 therapies on its Essential Medicines List for type 2 diabetes is a step toward global access, but price reductions and manufacturing scale-up will be needed to make a meaningful dent.

China and India

Both countries are developing their own GLP-1 programs. Chinese biotech Innovent Biologics is developing mazdutide (a GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist), and several Chinese manufacturers are pursuing biosimilar semaglutide. India's CDMO infrastructure is scaling up to produce peptide APIs for global markets.

What Comes Next

The next three to five years will likely bring:

Triple agonists reaching the market. Retatrutide's Phase 3 data is compelling — 28.7% weight loss approaches surgical outcomes. If confirmed across all TRIUMPH trials and approved, it could redefine what pharmaceutical weight loss can achieve.

Combination therapies. CagriSema, amycretin, and other multi-target approaches may outperform single-target GLP-1 drugs. The therapeutic ceiling has not yet been found.

Expanded indications. Cardiovascular protection is established. Liver disease, kidney disease, and neurological indications are being actively studied. Within a few years, GLP-1 drugs may be prescribed as much for their non-weight-related benefits as for weight loss itself.

Price erosion. Competition, political pressure, and eventual patent expirations will drive prices down. The entry of oral formulations and non-peptide alternatives like orforglipron will accelerate this trend. The question is whether prices will fall fast enough to match the scale of the medical need.

Reconceptualization of the drug class. The most important shift, as Nature Medicine noted, is labeling GLP-1 drugs as "multi-system metabolic modulators" rather than weight loss drugs. That reframing — backed by accumulating evidence — would change how the drugs are prescribed, covered, and perceived by both clinicians and patients.

FAQ

How much weight can you lose on GLP-1 drugs?

In clinical trials, semaglutide (Wegovy) achieves approximately 15% mean weight loss, tirzepatide (Zepbound) achieves up to 22.5%, and the investigational triple agonist retatrutide has shown up to 28.7%. Individual results vary widely. Real-world weight loss tends to be somewhat lower than clinical trial results due to differences in adherence and dose optimization.

Are GLP-1 drugs safe long-term?

Current safety data covers up to 4+ years for semaglutide (through the SELECT trial). The most common side effects are gastrointestinal — nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. No clear signals of increased pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or thyroid cancer have emerged in human studies, though the drugs carry a black box warning for thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent data. Long-term safety monitoring continues.

Do you regain weight when you stop taking GLP-1 drugs?

Yes. Clinical trial data consistently shows that most patients regain a substantial portion of lost weight within 1–2 years of stopping treatment. Current medical guidance treats obesity as a chronic condition requiring ongoing treatment, similar to hypertension or diabetes.

Do GLP-1 drugs reduce cardiovascular risk?

Semaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% in the SELECT trial — in patients with obesity and cardiovascular disease but without diabetes. This cardiovascular benefit appears to be partially independent of weight loss. Cardiovascular outcomes trials for tirzepatide are underway but not yet completed.

Can I take a GLP-1 drug as a pill instead of an injection?

Yes, as of January 2026. The Wegovy pill (oral semaglutide 25 mg) is the first FDA-approved oral GLP-1 for obesity. It requires fasting and specific water restrictions. Orforglipron, an oral non-peptide GLP-1 agonist from Eli Lilly with no food or water restrictions, is expected to receive FDA approval by approximately March 2026.

Who should consider GLP-1 drugs for weight loss?

FDA-approved GLP-1 drugs for obesity are indicated for adults with a BMI of 30 or greater (obesity), or BMI of 27 or greater with at least one weight-related health condition (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, sleep apnea). The WHO recommends GLP-1 drugs as part of a comprehensive approach that includes dietary changes, physical activity, and professional support — not as standalone treatments.

Will insurance cover GLP-1 drugs for obesity?

Coverage varies significantly. Many commercial insurers now cover GLP-1s for obesity with prior authorization. Medicare Part D does not currently cover anti-obesity medications, though legislative proposals to change this have been introduced. Cash-pay programs from manufacturers and retail pharmacies offer reduced pricing for uninsured patients.

The Bottom Line

GLP-1 drugs have transformed obesity from a condition that medicine could barely treat to one where 20–30% weight loss is achievable with pharmacotherapy alone. The SELECT trial proved these drugs do more than reduce body weight — they reduce cardiovascular death. And the pipeline of dual and triple agonists, oral formulations, and combination therapies suggests we haven't yet seen the ceiling of what incretin-based medicine can accomplish.

The limitations are real and should not be minimized. These are expensive drugs that most people who need them cannot access. Discontinuation leads to weight regain. Long-term safety data, while reassuring so far, covers years rather than decades. And the broader societal challenges of obesity — food systems, built environments, socioeconomic factors — cannot be solved with any medication.

But as a medical advance, the GLP-1 class stands as one of the most significant pharmaceutical developments of the early 21st century. The question now is not whether these drugs work — that debate is settled. The questions that remain are about access, equity, duration of use, and whether the healthcare systems of the world can adapt quickly enough to deploy these tools where they're needed most.

References

WHO issues global guideline on GLP-1 medicines for obesity (2025). https://www.who.int/news/item/01-12-2025-who-issues-global-guideline-on-the-use-of-glp-1-medicines-in-treating-obesity
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT trial). New England Journal of Medicine (2023). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes by baseline and changes in adiposity (SELECT subanalysis). The Lancet (2025). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01375-3/fulltext
Tirzepatide once weekly for obesity (SURMOUNT-1). New England Journal of Medicine (2022). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
Retatrutide Phase 2 trial for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine (2023). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
Retatrutide TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 results. Eli Lilly Investor Relations (2025). https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-average
Harnessing GLP-1 receptor agonists for obesity treatment. PMC (2025). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12668848/
The expanding landscape of GLP-1 medicines. Nature Medicine (2025). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-04124-5
Beyond the prescription: Social implications of GLP-1 receptor agonists. PMC (2025). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12742762/
Real-world evidence on GLP-1RA utilization and effectiveness. PMC (2025). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12000858/
Study identifies benefits and risks of popular weight-loss drugs. Washington University Medicine (2025). https://medicine.washu.edu/news/study-identifies-benefits-risks-linked-to-popular-weight-loss-drugs/
Research shows GLP-1 drugs are effective but complex. UChicago Medicine (2025). https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/research-and-discoveries-articles/research-on-glp-1-drugs
FDA approves first GLP-1 pill for obesity. CNBC (2025). https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/22/fda-approves-first-glp-1-pill-for-obesity-from-novo-nordisk.html
What's ahead for weight-loss drugs in 2026. NPR (2026). https://www.npr.org/2026/01/01/nx-s1-5661682/whats-ahead-for-the-weight-loss-drugs-known-as-glp-1s-in-2026
Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity. American Society for Nutrition (2025). https://nutrition.org/nutritional-priorities-to-support-glp-1-therapy-for-obesity/
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure. The Lancet (2024). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673624014983

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