Best Peptides for Athletic Performance

Whether you're a weekend warrior nursing a stubborn tendon injury or an advanced athlete trying to squeeze every last percentage point out of your recovery, peptides have become impossible to ignore. Google "peptides for athletes" and you'll find breathless promises about superhuman recovery, effortless muscle gains, and boundless endurance.

The reality is more complicated — and more interesting — than the marketing suggests.

Some peptides have genuine preclinical evidence behind them. Others ride on hype. And a few sit at the cutting edge of mitochondrial science in ways that could reshape how we think about endurance and aging. This guide breaks down the actual research on each peptide used by athletes, explains what the studies do and don't prove, and flags the regulatory lines you need to know about.

Table of Contents

• How Peptides Fit Into Athletic Performance
• BPC-157: The Tissue Repair Peptide
• TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4): Cell Migration and Recovery
• CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin: The Growth Hormone Stack
• MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial Exercise Mimetic
• SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial Membrane Repair
• MK-677 (Ibutamoren): The Oral GH Secretagogue
• Collagen Peptides: The Legal Option
• Peptide Comparison Table
• WADA Status and Anti-Doping Considerations
• Peptide Stacking for Athletes
• Frequently Asked Questions
• The Bottom Line
• References

How Peptides Fit Into Athletic Performance

Athletic performance comes down to a few core pillars: how hard you can train, how fast you recover, and how well your body adapts to the stress you throw at it. Peptides touch all three.

The peptides athletes care about generally fall into three categories:

Tissue repair peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500 target the healing process directly — collagen synthesis, blood vessel formation, cell migration to injury sites. For athletes dealing with nagging injuries that limit training volume, these are the primary draw.

Growth hormone secretagogues like CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin push your pituitary gland to release more growth hormone, which in turn raises IGF-1 levels. The downstream effects include improved body composition, faster recovery between sessions, and better sleep quality.

Mitochondrial peptides like MOTS-c and SS-31 are the newer entrants. They work at the cellular energy level, and the research on exercise capacity — particularly in aging populations — is genuinely exciting.

One thing to understand upfront: most of this evidence comes from animal studies. Human clinical trials on peptides for athletic performance specifically are rare. That doesn't mean the science is worthless — it means you should calibrate your expectations accordingly.

BPC-157: The Tissue Repair Peptide

If one peptide dominates the conversation in sports medicine circles, it's BPC-157. This 15-amino-acid peptide fragment, originally isolated from human gastric juice, has an unusually broad range of tissue-healing effects in animal models.

What the Research Shows

A 2025 systematic review in HSS Journal examined 36 studies published between 1993 and 2024. The findings were consistent: BPC-157 accelerated healing in muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injury models in animals (1).

The numbers from specific models are worth noting:

• Muscle injuries: In four preclinical muscle transection and crush models, BPC-157 treatment improved load to failure, motor function, and muscle fiber diameter compared to controls.
• Tendon and ligament tears: In eight transection models, BPC-157 reduced instability and post-injury contracture, and restored biomechanical function and motor indices.
• Bone defects: In rabbit models, BPC-157 produced healing comparable to bone marrow grafts — one of the gold standards in orthopedic treatment (2).

How It Works

BPC-157's mechanism is multi-pronged. It upregulates VEGF expression, driving new blood vessel formation at injury sites (3). It activates the FAK-paxillin signaling pathway, which promotes fibroblast migration and collagen synthesis (4). And it increases growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts, amplifying the anabolic healing response (5).

In plain terms: it brings more blood to the injury, moves more repair cells to the site, and turns up the volume on the collagen-building machinery.

The Catch

No credible published research has directly tested BPC-157 for athletic performance improvement. The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) has explicitly stated this point. Only three small pilot human studies exist — two for pain relief (bladder pain in 12 people, knee pain in 16 people), one for pharmacokinetics. No clinical safety data in humans has been published, and BPC-157 has a half-life of less than 30 minutes (6).

The preclinical safety profile is clean — researchers couldn't find a toxic dose in animal studies — but that's not the same as proven safe in humans.

For Athletes

BPC-157 is most relevant if you're dealing with tendon, ligament, or muscle injuries that are limiting your training. It won't make a healthy athlete faster. But for the athlete who can't train at full capacity because of a nagging Achilles tendon or a partially torn rotator cuff, the animal data on tissue repair is the strongest of any peptide on this list.

See also: Best Peptides for Tendon & Ligament Repair and Best Peptides for Joint Health.

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4): Cell Migration and Recovery

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 (TB4), one of the most abundant intracellular proteins in mammalian cells. Where BPC-157 works through multiple growth-factor pathways, TB-500's primary mechanism is more focused: it regulates actin, the protein responsible for cell movement and structural integrity.

What the Research Shows

Thymosin beta-4 promotes myoblast migration to injury sites, activates muscle stem cells (satellite cells), and improves neuromuscular junction regeneration. In skeletal muscle studies, TB-500 reduced fibrosis — the scar tissue that impairs long-term muscle function — and accelerated structural repair (7).

The research extends beyond skeletal muscle. In preclinical models of heart damage, thymosin beta-4 improved left ventricular function and reduced infarct size (8). For brain injuries, it showed neuroprotective effects following traumatic brain injury in animal models (9).

How It Works

TB-500 binds to G-actin monomers and prevents excessive polymerization, keeping cells flexible and mobile. This is why it's particularly effective for tissues with limited blood supply — tendons, ligaments, and cartilage — where getting repair cells to the damage site is the bottleneck.

It also suppresses inflammatory cytokines, blocks NF-kB inflammatory signaling, and has antioxidant properties that reduce oxidative cellular damage during the inflammatory phase of healing.

For Athletes

TB-500 is most useful for acute injuries: muscle tears, ligament sprains, and situations where reducing inflammation and promoting cell migration are the priorities. Athletes who stack it with BPC-157 report complementary effects — BPC-157 building the new tissue, TB-500 getting repair cells to where they need to be.

The main limitation: like BPC-157, human clinical data is sparse, and WADA classifies thymosin beta-4 and its derivatives as prohibited substances.

See also: Best Peptides for Muscle Growth and Best Peptides for Wound Healing.

CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin: The Growth Hormone Stack

The combination of CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin is the most popular growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) stack among athletes. CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP). Together, they stimulate the pituitary gland to produce more growth hormone through complementary pathways.

What the Research Shows

The human data on CJC-1295 is solid for what it measures — hormone levels. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults aged 21-61 found dose-dependent increases in GH concentrations of 2- to 10-fold lasting six or more days, and IGF-1 increases of 1.5- to 3-fold for 9-11 days after a single injection. After multiple doses, IGF-1 stayed elevated above baseline for up to 28 days (10).

A follow-up pulsatility study confirmed that CJC-1295 increased both trough and mean GH secretion while preserving the natural pulsatile pattern of GH release — an important finding, since pulsatility matters for many of GH's physiological effects (11).

Ipamorelin has a unique advantage among GHRPs: it's remarkably selective. Even at doses more than 200-fold higher than the ED50 for GH release, it didn't significantly raise ACTH or cortisol levels. This means GH stimulation without the cortisol spike — a distinction that matters for athletes trying to stay in an anabolic state (12).

The Gap Between Hormones and Performance

Here's where it gets complicated. A study in the American Journal of Physiology found that GH administration increased collagen synthesis in human muscle and tendon by up to 6-fold — but did not increase myofibrillar (contractile) protein synthesis. GH strengthens the supportive matrix around muscle fibers rather than making the fibers themselves bigger (13).

No published, peer-reviewed trials have demonstrated superior muscle mass, fat loss, or performance outcomes from CJC-1295 plus ipamorelin in healthy, resistance-trained adults. The hormone increases are real. The performance translation remains open.

For Athletes

This stack is most appealing for recovery optimization and body composition — the improved sleep quality, faster recovery between sessions, and modest fat loss that come with elevated GH levels. If you're GH-deficient (common in athletes over 35-40), the effects may be more pronounced. For a 25-year-old with already-optimal GH levels, don't expect transformative results.

See also: Best Peptides for Men Over 40.

MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial Exercise Mimetic

MOTS-c may be the most scientifically interesting peptide on this list. It's a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA — not nuclear DNA — making it one of the few known mitochondrial-derived peptides with hormonal function. Researchers have called it a "mitokine," a signaling molecule that bridges mitochondrial stress and whole-body metabolic adaptation.

What the Research Shows

The landmark 2021 study in Nature Communications demonstrated that MOTS-c is an exercise-induced peptide. Skeletal muscle MOTS-c levels increased 11.9-fold after a single bout of exercise in human subjects. Exercise triggers its expression through the AMPK-PGC-1alpha pathway — the same master regulatory cascade that drives mitochondrial biogenesis during endurance training (14).

The mouse studies are dramatic. Two weeks of systemic MOTS-c treatment in old mice (22 months — roughly equivalent to a 70-year-old human) doubled their treadmill running time. They effectively outran untreated middle-aged mice (12 months). Even late-life treatment (23.5 months), given just three times per week, improved physical capacity (14).

MOTS-c also improved insulin sensitivity, promoted glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and increased fatty acid oxidation — all metabolic adaptations that normally require sustained exercise training.

How It Works

MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus under stress conditions, where it regulates genes with antioxidant response elements (ARE). It activates AMPK, increases PGC-1alpha expression, and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial respiration through the AMPK/PGC-1alpha pathway (15).

The practical translation: it helps your cells produce and use energy more efficiently. For endurance, that's the entire game.

Limitations

Clinical development has stalled. MOTS-c has low bioavailability, poor stability, and a short half-life. Reliable delivery systems haven't been developed for human use. Plasma MOTS-c levels naturally decline with age — about 200 ng/mL at 20 years old, dropping significantly by 60 — which creates a theoretical case for supplementation, but the practical hurdles remain significant (15).

For Athletes

MOTS-c is the most promising peptide for endurance performance based on mechanism of action. But it's currently a research compound, not a practical tool. Watch this space — if delivery challenges are solved, MOTS-c could become a legitimate game-changer for endurance athletes and aging populations alike.

SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial Membrane Repair

SS-31 (also called elamipretide) is the peptide furthest along in clinical development on this list. In September 2025, the FDA approved it as the first treatment for Barth syndrome, a rare mitochondrial disorder (16). That FDA approval — a rarity in the peptide world — gives it a credibility advantage.

What the Research Shows

SS-31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds to cardiolipin — a phospholipid essential for the electron transport chain. By stabilizing cardiolipin, it restores efficient ATP production and reduces reactive oxygen species (17).

In aged mice studies, eight weeks of SS-31 treatment improved mitochondrial quality, restored redox homeostasis, and significantly increased treadmill endurance. The treated gastrocnemius muscle showed greater fatigue resistance and significantly more mass than untreated aged controls (18).

The MMPOWER clinical trial tested elamipretide in 36 adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. While it didn't meet the primary endpoint (6-minute walk test) in the full population, patients with nuclear DNA mutations showed significantly greater improvement versus placebo. In Barth syndrome patients, 48 weeks of treatment significantly improved 6-minute walk performance and muscle strength (19).

For Athletes

SS-31 is most relevant for athletes dealing with age-related performance decline or mitochondrial dysfunction. It won't help a 25-year-old with healthy mitochondria. But for masters athletes or anyone experiencing the fatigue and recovery deficits that come with aging mitochondria, the mechanism and early clinical data are compelling.

The practical barrier: it's currently only prescribed for Barth syndrome, and broader athletic applications remain off-label.

MK-677 (Ibutamoren): The Oral GH Secretagogue

MK-677 stands out for one simple reason: it's taken orally. While technically not a peptide (it's a non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist), it's universally discussed in the peptide context because it achieves similar goals — raising GH and IGF-1 levels.

What the Research Shows

MK-677 stimulates the ghrelin receptor to increase GH secretion. Studies consistently show elevated GH and IGF-1 levels with oral dosing in 8-16 week cycles. The GH elevation is sustained throughout the day, improving sleep quality (GH secretion concentrates during deep sleep).

The trade-offs: MK-677 increases appetite (it works through the hunger hormone receptor), can cause water retention, and long-term studies raise concerns about insulin sensitivity.

For Athletes

MK-677 fills a niche for athletes who want the recovery benefits of elevated GH without injectable peptides. It's particularly popular among athletes in their 30s and 40s who want better sleep and recovery. But the appetite stimulation and potential insulin effects mean it requires careful management.

Collagen Peptides: The Legal Option

For drug-tested athletes — or anyone who wants to stay clearly on the right side of regulations — collagen peptides are the one category on this list with no WADA concerns and actual human performance data.

What the Research Shows

A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of collagen peptide supplementation combined with exercise. The findings showed increases in fat-free mass, muscle strength, rate of force development, and endurance performance across multiple studies (20).

A randomized controlled trial found that 12 weeks of 15g daily specific collagen peptides during concurrent training significantly improved recovery of maximal strength, explosive power, and reactive strength after muscle-damaging exercise (21).

Another study showed significantly lower levels of myoglobin, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase — all markers of muscle damage — after supplementation with specific collagen peptides (22).

The joint health effects are the most consistent finding. Across five studies in one systematic review, all reported reduced joint pain, improved joint function, and increased duration of pain-free exercise (23).

The Caveat

When compared head-to-head with whey protein rather than a placebo, the advantages of collagen peptides largely disappear. Whey and lactalbumin produce higher increases in muscle protein synthesis. Collagen peptides appear to work through a different pathway — strengthening the connective tissue matrix (tendons, ligaments, cartilage) rather than driving muscle fiber growth.

For Athletes

Collagen peptides are the practical choice for joint health, connective tissue resilience, and recovery from muscle-damaging exercise. Dose: 15g daily, ideally with 50-500mg vitamin C to support collagen synthesis. Low molecular weight peptides (2000-3500 daltons) have better absorption.

Peptide Comparison Table

Peptide	Primary Use	Evidence Level	Human Data	WADA Status	Administration
BPC-157	Tissue repair (tendon, muscle, bone)	Strong preclinical	3 small pilot studies	Prohibited (S0)	Injection (SC)
TB-500	Cell migration, inflammation	Moderate preclinical	Very limited	Prohibited (S2)	Injection (SC)
CJC-1295	GH elevation, recovery	Human RCTs for hormones	Yes (hormone outcomes)	Prohibited (S2)	Injection (SC)
Ipamorelin	Selective GH release	Human pharmacology studies	Yes (hormone outcomes)	Prohibited (S2)	Injection (SC)
MOTS-c	Endurance, mitochondria	Strong preclinical	Exercise biomarker studies	Not specifically listed	Injection (SC)
SS-31	Mitochondrial repair	FDA-approved (Barth syndrome)	Phase II/III trials	Not specifically listed	Injection (SC)
MK-677	Oral GH elevation	Human studies	Yes	Prohibited (S2)	Oral
Collagen Peptides	Joint health, recovery	Multiple human RCTs	Yes	Not prohibited	Oral

WADA Status and Anti-Doping Considerations

This section is non-negotiable for competitive athletes. The WADA 2025 Prohibited List bans the following categories at all times — in and out of competition (24):

Category S2 (Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics) includes:

• All growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs): GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, Ipamorelin, and others
• GHRH analogs: CJC-1295, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin
• Thymosin beta-4 and derivatives (TB-500)
• Growth hormone secretagogues: MK-677
• Other growth factors affecting muscle protein synthesis, vascularization, or regenerative capacity

Category S0 (Non-Approved Substances) includes BPC-157, as it has no FDA approval for any human use.

Not specifically prohibited (but confirm before competition): MOTS-c, SS-31 (elamipretide), collagen peptides.

If you compete in any tested sport — from the Olympics to the NCAA to CrossFit Games — assume that every injectable peptide discussed in this article except collagen peptides will cause a positive test. The easiest way to check a specific substance is GlobalDRO.com.

Athletes with a legitimate medical need can apply for a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE), but these are narrowly granted and require documented medical necessity.

Peptide Stacking for Athletes

Athletes rarely use peptides in isolation. The most common evidence-informed combinations are outlined in our full Peptide Stacking Guide. Here are the stacks most relevant to athletic performance:

Injury Recovery Stack: BPC-157 + TB-500 The most popular combination. BPC-157 drives angiogenesis and collagen synthesis at the injury site. TB-500 promotes cell migration and reduces inflammation. They work through different pathways, creating complementary coverage of the healing process.

Growth Hormone Stack: CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin CJC-1295 provides sustained GHRH signaling. Ipamorelin adds selective GH pulses without cortisol elevation. The combination produces a more robust and sustained GH response than either alone.

Comprehensive Recovery: BPC-157 + TB-500 + CJC-1295/Ipamorelin Some athletes layer the injury recovery stack with GH secretagogues. The rationale: BPC-157 upregulates growth hormone receptors on fibroblasts, so raising GH levels simultaneously may amplify the healing signal. This is logical based on mechanism but hasn't been tested in controlled studies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are peptides legal for athletes? Most performance-relevant peptides are prohibited by WADA, NCAA, and professional sports anti-doping agencies. Collagen peptides are legal. Plant-based peptides like PeptiStrong are not currently listed. If you're subject to drug testing, check GlobalDRO.com before using any peptide.

Do peptides actually build muscle? Not directly, in most cases. Growth hormone secretagogues like CJC-1295 and ipamorelin raise GH and IGF-1, but the research shows GH primarily increases collagen synthesis in the supportive tissue matrix — not myofibrillar protein synthesis in muscle fibers (13). The biggest muscle-related benefit of peptides is enabling more consistent training by accelerating recovery and healing injuries.

What's the most researched peptide for athletes? For tissue repair: BPC-157, with 36 preclinical studies reviewed in a 2025 systematic review. For GH elevation in humans: CJC-1295, with randomized placebo-controlled trials showing dose-dependent effects. For legal supplementation: collagen peptides, with multiple human RCTs.

How long do peptides take to work for recovery? This varies by peptide and condition. Users of BPC-157 commonly report noticeable improvements in tendon and joint pain within 7-10 days. CJC-1295 produces measurable IGF-1 elevation within days of the first dose, with peak effects at 9-11 days (10). Collagen peptides typically require 8-12 weeks of daily supplementation to show measurable results.

Are there peptides specifically for endurance athletes? MOTS-c is the most promising for endurance — it doubled running time in aged mice and works through the same AMPK-PGC-1alpha pathway that drives endurance adaptations (14). SS-31 also improved exercise tolerance in clinical settings. Both are early-stage for human athletic use. For a legal option, collagen peptides combined with vitamin C support the connective tissue integrity that endurance athletes need.

The Bottom Line

The peptide space for athletes is a mix of genuine science, reasonable extrapolation, and outright hype. Here's what you can take away with confidence:

Strong preclinical evidence for tissue repair: BPC-157 and TB-500 have consistent, well-documented effects on tendon, muscle, ligament, and bone healing in animal models. If your performance limitation is an injury, these have the strongest mechanistic rationale.

Growth hormone peptides raise hormones, not necessarily performance: CJC-1295 and ipamorelin reliably elevate GH and IGF-1 in humans. But GH appears to strengthen connective tissue more than it builds contractile muscle. The recovery and sleep benefits may be the bigger win for most athletes.

Mitochondrial peptides are the frontier: MOTS-c and SS-31 represent genuinely new science — targeting cellular energy production rather than hormones or growth factors. The early data on exercise capacity, especially in aging, is promising. But practical application is years away for most athletes.

Collagen peptides work and are legal: They won't transform your physique, but 15g daily has meaningful effects on joint health, connective tissue recovery, and post-exercise muscle damage markers. For drug-tested athletes, this is the safest bet.

Whatever you decide, work with a physician who understands both the research and the regulatory environment. The gap between "promising animal data" and "proven safe and effective in humans" is real, and navigating it requires medical guidance — not internet forums.

References

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2. Sebecic B, et al. Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 1999. PubMed: 10071911

3. Hsieh MJ, et al. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2010. PubMed: 20388964

4. Chang CH, et al. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011. PubMed: 21030672

5. Chen YL, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014. PMC6271067

6. USADA. BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes. usada.org

7. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999.

8. Smart N, et al. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007.

9. Xiong Y, et al. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin beta4 treatment following traumatic brain injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012.

10. Teichman SL, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. PubMed: 16352683

11. Ionescu M, Bhatt DL. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. PubMed: 17018654

12. Raun K, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998. PubMed: 9849822

13. Doessing S, et al. Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis. Journal of Physiology. 2010. PMC2821728

14. Reynolds JC, et al. MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nature Communications. 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20790-0

15. Li H, et al. MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023. PMC9905433

16. FDA approves elamipretide (SS-31) for Barth syndrome treatment. Johns Hopkins Hub. September 2025. hub.jhu.edu

17. Chavez JD, et al. Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31. PNAS. 2020. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002250117

18. Campbell MD, et al. Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2019. PMC6588449

19. Karaa A, et al. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. 2018. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005255

20. Kirmse M, et al. Impact of Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Combination with Long-Term Physical Training on Strength, Musculotendinous Remodeling, Functional Recovery, and Body Composition in Healthy Adults. Sports Medicine. 2024. PMC11561013

21. Hilkens L, et al. Influence of specific collagen peptides and 12-week concurrent training on recovery-related biomechanical characteristics following exercise-induced muscle damage. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023. PMC10687431

22. Hilkens L, et al. Reduction in systemic muscle stress markers after exercise-induced muscle damage following concurrent training and supplementation with specific collagen peptides. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024.

23. Clark KL, et al. The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review. Amino Acids. 2021. PMC8521576

24. World Anti-Doping Agency. 2025 Prohibited List. wada-ama.org